Indonesia officially submitted its Second Nationally Determined Contribution (SNDC) to the UNFCCC in late October 2025, which represents a significant shift from a Business-as-Usual approach to setting an absolute national emission target, with a new goal of peaking emissions by 2030 before declining towards Net Zero by 2060 or sooner. The document maintains the unconditional 31.89% and conditional 43.20% reduction targets by 2030, but the overall strategy relies heavily on the Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 to balance emissions. Furthermore, the SNDC commits to an accelerated energy transition, targeting a 70–72% renewable energy share by 2060, integrating carbon pricing mechanisms, and emphasizing a Just Transition approach, all of which will require substantial investment, estimated at $472.6 billion through 2035.
